Color television system



G. C. SZIKLAI ET AL COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM Apr-il 10, 1951 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed March 27, 1948 HTT/F/VEY April 10, 1951 G. c. szlKLAl ET A1.

COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM Filed March 27, 1948 3 Sheets-Sheet, 3

A// iyill/Nilyl/ 3010700014/ 0J Patented 'Api'. 10, 1951 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEMV GeorgerQ Sziklai, Princeton, and: Milton Rosenberg,'.Trenton, N. J., assignors to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation if-Delaware Application March 27', 1948, SerialANo. 17,564

Thefpresent invention relates to television systems orfthe type in'` which one or; more trains of video= signals: representative of an optical-image are developed` by the process known asl flyingspot, scanning.

The presentapplication is a continuation of ourearlier copending. application, Serial No. 725,782, filed-Junco; 1947i, now abandoned.

In a system of the kind to which the invention` is applicablethe image to be scanned is illuminated by theY moving spot of light produced when the electron scanning beam of a cathode ray, tube is deflected` so as to trace an image raster on-Y thesluminescent screen or target area of the tube. This moving light spot is then focused upon-.the subject matter to be televised,

and, in laccordance with the optical character-` isticsof such subject matter, the light passing through` or reflected` therefrom will contain information Which-may. be employedV to initiate the production of one or more trains ofvvideo` signals. The latter,. after being.. combined with suitable-v sync and blah-king signals inla manner well known in the art, may then be employed to control the reconstitutionv of an optical image representing thescannedsubject matter at adesired receiving, or monitoring-location.

A?flyinggspoti'soanning arrangement, such as outlined abovel isV particularly adapted for incorporation incolor television apparatus of the all-electronic type wherein a plurality of trains of video signals may be simultaneously transmitted' and' then utilized at' the receiver to recreate the transmitted image in substantially its natur'al color as disclosed-'in a copending United Stat'e's` patent application" of' R. D. Kell and G. C. Sz'iklai; Serial No`. 716,256, filed .Decembery 14, 1946. In' the above' mentioned application,.there is disclosedA a color television system ofthe type above set forth and' which' in addition employs, in a' preferred' embodiment; the'A flying-spot method of scanninga" subject; Essentially; the system therein described includes a` cathode'ray tube,v onkinesoope,V on" the screenV of which a spot" of light is produced. Upon deflection of' the electron beam', this light spot will trace an imagev raster; the light' from the latter being fo` cusedthrough a len's's'ystemupon the optical irnage tolbe` transmitted. This subject may, for example, beV presented by 'a' color motion picture nlm, or a color transparency.

In`r order to reproduceL a television imagey in substantially its'trueA or naturalA color'by the socalled additive method of simultaneous transmission, signals" representativeA of th'e imagein each orar-1ysele'cted number of primaryYV or' com- 55 ponent colors' (which lmay= be three in number' for a tri-colorsystein, orjex'am'ple) are transfmitted simultaneously.' When these component color signals4 are combined at a receiving point by means of Va scanning operation which iss'im'" ilar to that at the transmitter, the resultant" image' will appear substantially in its' natural color. Each train* ofinage' signals thus repre; sents the scanned" optical image in" one' of` its component colors, and' the'number of trains'ofv such signals corresponds to the' riulrilier'of corn# ponent colors into which the' image" is analyzed.

Light rays from the optical" image are" coni' densed and; then divi'dedby a'A `systemVv of selec-'-J tive redectors; The divided 'iight beamsf are ire-a spe'ctively collected by some suitable ligl'it-'re-y spons'ive devices (such as vphototub'eves) which con# vert the varying lightrays` from the" optical im@ age'into trains-of component-color videol sig'- nals; TheseV trains' o' component-color' video'1 signals i constitutingY the output of4 the phototubes are then combined* with suitable blanking` and sync signals and-utilized to modulateaca-rrier Wave-for transmission.

light' representant' of 'ea'ch point in the' subject' as kmeasured by meri-iight' @if eaten eompciierfitcolorr in the subjectfwilll bef-directed to thedi'ffer "tl photot'ubes,A sov that thdinstantaneoiis curren f flowing ineach phototubef-will-'be a measure"ofA the brilliance of i that component color' represent-` ed by`v the point on'y the subject which is" instan"-A taneously illuminated by. the cathode ray` beami- As the cathode ray` beamy tracesf the complete raster, it willfbeapparentthateach point ofthef subject is illuminated in sequence, sol that all pointsV thereof will cause the production ofsignal currentsin one' or more ofV the phototubes. In' this manner, thesubject is exploredfin a point-- for-point-.mannerby a light spotvr representing,-

the instantaneousP position of thei cathode-ray:`

image' appearing" onl each* tube"y may then' be" passed through afp'rop'er componeilt-coloriilter',

ple, be of the type known asthe `9311A, which inu cludes nine multiplier stages.

During the scanning of colorv transparencies and color motion picture i-llm, in particular, wide variations are frequently encountered" in lthe amount of light which is received by thegindi-4 Vidual phototubes. For ,optimum operation of the transmitter circuits, however, and also for ali'g'hdegree of vdefinition in the reproducedv image,` vitis desirable that they output voltage level ofthe amplifier in each component-'color channel b e held within predetermined limits. The permissible upper limit is frequently exceeded, however, due tothe presence of extreme or extended. highlights in the' slide, or iilm, being scanned, and also by an abrupt transition from a predominantly dark scene to one which contains large light areas.

It has heretofore been desirable to compensate for. abnormal variations in light output due to these jvariations in the characteristics of the scanned image bymeans vof a manually-operated control, or controls, which acts to vary the video signal output levels of the componentecolor channels. This control mightf'take the form, for example, of an adjustable A`power, lfsupplyfor varying the voltage applied in common tothe multiplier phototubes, and hence the output level of all three component-color signalA channels simultaneously.

A1ternatively,` or as va supplerneritaryv control, the

supply voltage for the phototubamultipiier in each component-color channel might., be varied individually bya separate potentiometer in order tolprfovide adesired'color balance. In eitherl case,

electron discharge tube. This latter tube is connected in shunt with one or more of the dynodes of the multiplier phototube. Since this electron discharge tube is connected between ground and a point of positive potential on the multiplier phototube, it will be apparent that a variation in the internal resistance of the electron discharge tube will vary the shuntingeffect of. the tube and thus vary effective positive 4potentialszf'of the multiplier phototube dynodes which the electron discharge tube shunts. Accordingly, an increase in the normal output of the multiplier phototube duev to an increase in the brilliance of the light received thereby. Willcause an increase in the normaloutput of the amplifier and hence a corresponding increase in the magnitude of the rectiiied voltage. Inasmuch as this rectified voltage 'isapplied as a bia'spotential to the control electrode of the above-mentioned electron discharge element thereof.

Another object of the present invention is to l provide a novel system for automatically controlling the output level of a ying`spot scanner forming part of a televisiontransmitting system.

tube, it follows that suchran increase in amplifier output ywill oppose the bias onthe tube and hence decrease its internal resistance. a greater shunting action, which lowers the positive potential on the particular dynodes of the multiplier phototube which the tubeis shunting.

A reduction in the secondary emission ratio from this part of the phototube isthus brought about,

together with a corresponding vdecrease in its overall gain. .u 'I

One object of the present invention, therefore, is to provide novel means for `automatically controlling the electrical output of an electro-optical system in the face of variations in the amount the light-sensitive of illumination received by A still further object of the-invention is to provide novel means whereby the gain of a phototube of the multiplier type may befautomatically controlled in response to'variations in the brilliance of the light received bythe phototube.y

voltage variation `which may be fed back to the phototube to decrease the accelerating voltage on invention, means are providedfor accomplishing ther above results automatically.`"` In one embodiment, 'which is suitableffor use either in the color television system above set''for-th, or--inl-anyelectro-optical system in which light variatiorisare transformedr intov electrical variations, a system isemployed which is herein designated as an ALfC., or automatic level control. In this A. L. C; system, as appliedto a single light-responsive element vorvphototube'of the multiplier type, an

automatic 'level control system 'of Fig". 1 applied t0 each 0f the Component-color signal channels 4 75er Pl19t0tl1bwt-the multiplier time. generally at least one dynode thereof andhence the overall gain of the phototube.

Other objects and'advantagesnwill be apparent I from the following description of a preferred form rof the invention and from the' drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a preferred` form of automatic level control system in accordi ance with the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a' schematic illustration showing the of a simultaneous color television transmitting system 'utilizing a` iiying-spot scanner; and

a Fig. 3y is" a"`nfi`odication offFig. 2 in which the "individual automatic level control systems of Fig.

2 are modied in such a manner that their outputs may be combined -and utilized to control the intensity of the electronscanning beamof the'v cathode ray tube.

1 of the drawings, there This results in An additional object of the-inventions to pro-` vide novel means wherebythejsignal output from@ a phototube of the multiplier type may be auto# ars/rasees dicated; in the drawing. by the reference numeral Il).` The phototube. ID may, for example,` consist of nine multiplier stages, and hence possess nine dynodes, identiedin. the drawingl by the circled numerals I. through 9. While the phototube I8 has been shown more or less schematically, it will beunderstood. that each dynode includes a directing electrode I2 and a secondary emitting electrode I4. Between each of the dynodes of the phototube ID is an impedance I6. l

The cathode i8 of the phototube I0 is connected to the negative terminal 20 of a source of potential (not. shown), while the anode, or collector electrode, 22 is connected to the positive terminal 24 of the potential source through two resistors 26 and 28. In this manner, each ofthe dynodes I through 9 is.v maintained. progressively more positive in a direction from the cathode i8 to the` anode 22. Inasmuchas multiplier phototubes of the type described arewell known in the art, a further description of the element III is not believed to be necessary. Such. aV light-responsive member is shown, for example,l in U. S. Patent No. 2,404,098, issued July 16, 1946, to Otto H. Schade.

As illustrated in the drawing, dynode #1 is connected directly to ground or a. point of constant potential. Dynode is likewise connected to this point of constant potential through apotentiometer 30. Hence, by selectively varying the potentiometer 30, the negative voltage on dynode #5 may be decreased in the direction of ground potential, this potentiometer 3i) constituting the manually-operatedV gain control mentioned above.. It permits an adjustment of the voltage output of the multiplier phototube I6 through a variation in the voltage applied between dynodes #I and #5 and hence the overall gain of the phototube.

Dynode #9 is connected, asillustrated, through the resistors 32 and 28 to the positive terminal 24 of the potential source. The vresistor 32, however, is chosen to be of higher value than a resistor 26, so that the anode of phototube i8 is normally maintained at a higher positive poten.- tial than the dynode #9. The voltage output of the phototube I8, as developed across the load resistor 26, is applied over a conductor 33 to an amplier 34. Amplier 34 may be of any wellknown type which includes an electron discharge device 33. having a control electrode 38. The output of the phototub'efl is preferably applied in customary fashion to this control electrode 38 of tube 36. Since the details of ampliiier 34, form no part of the present invention, the amplifier hasbeen illustrated in the drawing by block diagram.

The output of amplifier 34 is applied to two further ampliers 40 and 4.2, the output of amplifier 42 being a voltage variation which extends in a direction of positive polarity upon the reception of light by the cathode I8 ofY phototube' I0. This will be apparent when it is appreciated that the output of the phototube I 0, as developed across the output resistor 2B, will extend-,in a negative direction. This negative voltage variation is successively amplified by each of the amplifiers 34, 40 and 42 so that its polarity is reversedA in the output of each.

In accordance with one form orf-*the present invention, an automatic level control, or A. L. C., circuit: 44 is provided in the system of Fig. l. This automatic level 'control circuit 44 includes a;diode.rectier tube 4B to the cathode of which a portion of the output of4 amplifier 42.' is applied.`

6J through. the condenser 48. Since: the output of amplier 42. is, as above stated, a voltagevariationextending in a directionv of positive polarity, the application of this voltage variation to the cathode. of diode 46 will cause the latter to conduct.and the flow ofv current therethrough will chargecondenser 48 positively relative to ground. This msitive charge on condenser 48 will leak ol to ground through a resistor 50, and hence the timeY constant of the condenser 48 and resistor.-

50 will determine the operating period of the automatic level control circuit 44 in a manner which. will hereafter become apparent.

Since the cathode of diode 46 is connected to receive the output of amplier 42, it will be seenv that this diode in eiect acts as aV peak` rectifier to establish a voltageV on condenser 48 which is a measure of thev maximum amplitude of the output of amplier 42 and hence of the output of phototube I8 as applied to the amplifier 34. This voltage on condenser 48 is applied to the control electrode 52 of a grid-controlled electron discharge tube 54, which may comprise a tetrodey as illustrated. The anode and screen grid of tube 54 are joined together and connected to ground through a condenser 56. serves to remove fast. variations in the video signal. timeY constant condenser 48 and resistor 50 and the condenser 56 in combination with the resistor 32.

conductor 58. Accordingly, the internal resist.- ance of tube '54 in eiect is` connected between dynode #8 of phototube I0 and ground. Hence, when tube 54 conducts, the positive potential on its anode 68 is lowered, as Well as the positive potential on dynode #8 of phototube I0. This decrease in potential on anode E0 of tube 54 is proportional to the internal resistance of the tube as determined by the voltage applied to its control electrode 52.

It will now be seen that an increase in the light falling on photocathocle I8 of the phototube I0 will normally cause an increase in the voltage output of the amplifier 42. However, this normal increase in voltage output of amplifier 42 is applied through the condenser 48 of the auto` matic level control circuit 44 to the control electrode 52 of the control tube 54 so as to increasethe conductivity of this tube. The latter in turnV results in a decrease in the anode potential of the tube, together with a consequent decrease in' the lpositive potential applied to dynode #9 of phototube Il) from the source terminal 24. As a consequence, the secondary emission ratioI of dynodes #8 and 3 is decreased which in turn decreases the number of electrons collected by the anode 22 of the phototube. This, of course, results in a decrease in the output voltage of the phototube Il) and hence a proportional decrease in thev output voltage of the amplier 42. Thus, the automatic level control circuit 44 acts to compensate for excessive increases in the output ofl the amplifier 42 as a result of abnormal increases in the illumination received by thephotocathode I8 of phototube. I0.

In Fig. 2 is shown one manner in which the automatic level control circuit 44 of Fig. 1 mayv be utilized in connection with a simultaneous` color television transmitting system of the type employing flying-spot scanning. The general details of such a system are set forth in the above-mentioned article entitled Simultaneous All-Electronic Color. Television andxhencewill The condenser 56v The speed of control will depend on the` The plate of the tube is also connected. to dynode #e or the phototube I0 by means of aA not be repeated here. However, it may be said that Fig. 2 includes an image-producing cathode ray tube or kinescope 6| of the type adapted to produce a brilliant spot of light on its screen 62. This image producing tube 6| may, for example, beof the projection type shown and described in an article entitled Development of the Projection Kinescope in the Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers for August 1937, beginning on page 937. Since its application to this invention requires that the spot of light produced on the screen 62 of tube 6| remain at uniform brilliance to form a scanning raster, it follows that the beam of the tube 6| is unmodulated.

The scanning raster produced on the screen 62 is projected and focused on a transparent image, whichmay take the form, for example, vof a. color motionv picture lm 64. The lprojection and focusing of the scanning raster upon the film 64 is accomplished by means of an optical system represented, for example, by a lens 66.

The light rays which pass through the color fllm 64 are then directed through a condenser lens 68, the latter serving to concentrate the divergent rays which pass through the color film 64.

The light rays from the lens 68 are then intercepted by a plurality of color-selective reflectors 10 and 12 which are positioned along the axis of the light rays and adjusted at an angle such that a portion of the light from the color film 64 will fall upon three multiplier-type phototubes 14, 16 and 18. The color-selecting reflectors 1|? and 12 act to break up the light rays from the lens 68 into their component colors. For example, the color-selective reflector 1|] is designed to reflect the long-wavelength light rays (or the red light end of the color spectrum) toward the multiplier phototube 14. The short-wavelength colors of the light rays from lens 68, or, in other words, the blue light end of the color spectrum, are reflected from the reflector 12 to the multiplier phototube 18. The portion of the light rays which pass through the color-selective reflectors 10 and 12, or, in other words, those representing the green portion of the color spectrum, fall upon the multiplier phototube 13. Thus, it will be appreciated that light representative of each point inthe image in the color film 64, as measured by thelight of each component color in the image, will be directed to the respective phototubes 14, 16 and 18, and that the instantaneous output of each phototube will be a measure of the brilliance of one component color making up that point on the color film image which is instantaneously illuminated by the cathode ray beam of tube 6| as it is positioned in the raster formed on the screen 62. Inasmuch as a color television system in accordance with, the preceding description is set forth in the above-mentioned Kell and Sziklai patent application, no further details thereof are deemed necessary herein. However, for a further discussion and description of an alternative form of arrangement for separating light into its component colors by means of a color-selective reector system, reference is made to a copending United States patent application of Alfred C. Schroeder, Serial No. 731,647, filed February 28, 1947. Furthermore, while the details of the reflectors 10 and 12 form no part of the present invention, nevertheless reference might be made to an article by G. L. Dimmick entitled A New Dichroic Reflector and Its Application to Photocell Monitoring Systems, beginning on page 36 of the"Journal'of` the Society of Motion Picture Engineersfor January '1942, this article setting.. forth one. possible mode of construction suitabley for the elements 10 and 12 of Fig. 2.

Each of the phototube multipliers 14, .16 and 18 illustrated by block diagram in Fig. 2 may. comprise an arrangement such as set forth in Fig.

1 within the broken lines 88. In other words, each of the multiplier phototubes 14, 18 and 18 in Fig.

2 may comprise the multiplier phototube |D, ask

may be the counterparts of the video amplifiers 84, 86 and 88 of Fig. 2. A portion of the output of the video amplifier 88 is applied 'to an automatic level control, or A. L. C. circuit 9|) which may be similar to the automatic level control circuit 44 of Fig. l, and the output of the circuit 198 applied to the multiplier phototube 14 over a conductor 92 corresponding to a similar conductor 58 in Fig. 1.

In a fashion similar to the above, each of the green and blue channels of Fig. 2 is similarly pro- `vided with an automatic level control circuit which may be of the type shown in Fig. 1. In this manner, individual compensation is provided for each of the three component-color signal channels of Fig. 2, thus eliminating the necessity for 'actuating the potentiometer 30 of Fig. l in order to vary the output of the individual phototubes. However, the potentiometer 30 of Fig. l may be y retained in the system to provide a supplementaryV adjustment, or to select the range through which the automatic level control circuit 44 of Fig. l1 is effective.

The time constant of the RC combination 48 and 50 and also of the RC combination 32 and 56 should preferably be chosen so that the auto-y matic level control circuit of Fig. 2 will have an operating period, for example, between one-l quarter yof a second and one-sixtieth of a second.

This prevents objectionable distortion in the reproduced image, and at the same time does not operate with such speed as to causechanges in the gain of the multiplier phototube in response to normal changes in light intensity between` normally contrasting areas of a particular optie- Cal image.

`In Fig. 3 is shown a modification of the system f of Fig. 2 in which the respective outputs of the three individual automatic level control circuits are combined and applied over a common conv ductor 9.4 to the control grid 96 of the cathode ray. tube 6| so as to vary the intensity of the scanning l beam of tube 6| and hence the brilliance of the light spot produced on the screen 62. This variation is in direct proportion to the combined voltage outputs of the multiplier phototubes 14, 16v and 18, which in turn represents the average density of the color film image 64. Accordingly, as the density of the color film image 64 increases, the control voltage variation vapplied over con-A ductor 94 to the control grid 96 of tube 6| is made to become more positive (-or less negative) relative to the cathode of tube 6| to thereby in-` crease the intensity of the cathode ray scanning beam and hence the brilliance of the light spot produced on the screen 62.

In a similar. fashion, the amplifiers 34, 40 and 42 of Fig. 1

:is :similar `to the automatic level control circuit 44 as shown in Fig. l. A control :tube i U having a control grid |02 is connected to the cathode of Vrectifier tube 46 through a coupling condenser |04. The voltage output of amplifier 88, in Fig. i3, is applied to the control grid |02 of the -control 'tube |00 Yin the same manner that the :o utput of amplier 42 is applied to the control electrode 52 of tube 54 in Fig. 1. Accordingly, the voltage output of tube will be a variation which is reversed in polarity with respect to the voltage variation applied to its control grid |02.

The automatic level control circuits in the green and blue channels of Fig. 3 are preferably similar to the automatic level control circuit 98 in the red channel. Hence, an increase in the average density of the color nlm 64 will be represented by a decrease in the combined output from the multiplier phototubes 14, 16 and 78 in Fig. 3. This decrease will be in turn represented by an increase in the positive charge applied to the control grid 96 of tube 6| relative to the voltage on its cathode, and hence an increase in the intensity of the cathode ray scanning beam which will compensate at least in part for the increased density of the particular portion of the color lm 64 then being scanned.

While the systems of Figs. 2 and 3 have been described in connection with the scanning of a color film, or of a color transparency, in which light from the lens 66 passes through the lm or transparency, nonetheless it will be apparent that the invention is equally suited for application to a color television system in which an opaque optical image is scanned instead of a lm or transparency. In this case, the polarity of the voltage applied to the control grid 96 of the cathode ray tube 6| in Fig. 3, for example, should be such that the intensity of the scanning spot produced on the screen E2 of the tube varies in inverse proportion to the average reflectance of the scanned opacity similarly as the brightness of the screen S2 had to change in direct proportion to the average density of the color lm 64 as is the case in Pig. 3.

What is claimed is:

l. In a television system of the type in Which an optical image is scanned by means of a spot of light produced on the luminescent screen of a cathode ray tube by impingement thereon of the cathode ray scanning beam of said tube, said cathode ray scanning beam being so deflected that the said light spot traces an image raster on said luminescent screen, and in Which light representative of a point on the said optical image is separated into component colors which are respectively received by a plurality of electrooptical devices to thereby produce an instantaneous voltage output from each such electrooptical device which is normally a measure of the brilliance of one component color making up that point on the said optical image, the combination of a circuit for producing from the cornbined voltage outputs of the individual electrooptical devices an integrated voltage variation representative of the overall brilliance of said optical image, and a further circuit for applying the variation thus produced to control the intensity of the cathode ray scanning beam of said cathode ray tube.

10 2. In a television system of 'the 'type'in vwhich a succession of color transparencies are scanned by means of a spot of light produced on" the luminescent screen of a 'cathode ray tube vby impingement thereon of the cathode ray scanning beam of said tube, said cathode ray scanning beam being so dee'cte'dthat the said light spot traces an image raster onsaid luminescent screen, and in which light representative of a point on the said optical image is 'separated into component colors which are respectively 'received bya plurality of electro-optical devices to thereby produce an instantaneous voltage output from each such electro-optical device which is normally a measure of the brilliance of one component color making up that point on the said optical image, the combination of a plurality of automatic level control circuits respectively connected to the outputs of said electro-optical devices, means for combining the respective outputs of said automatic level control circuits, and means for applying the combined outputs of said level control circuits to said cathode ray tube to control the intensity of the scanning beam thereof in substantially direct proportion to changes in the average density of successive color transparencies.

3. In a television system of the type in which a succession of opaque optical images are scanned by means of a spot of light produced on the luminescent screen of a cathode ray tube by impingement thereon of the cathode ray scanning beam of said tube, said cathode ray scanning beam being so deflected that the said light spot traces an image raster on said luminescent screen, and in which light representative of a point on the said optical image is separated into component colors Which are respectively received by a plurality of electro-optical devices to thereby produce an instantaneous output from each such electro-optical device which is normally a measure of the brilliance of one component color making up that particular point on the said optical image, the combination of a plurality of automatic level control circuits respectively connected to the outputs of said electro-optical devices, means for combining the respective outputs of said automatic level control circuits, and means for applying the combined outputs of said automatic level control circuits to said cathode ray tube to control the intensity of the scanning beam thereof in substantially inverse proportion to changes in the average reilectance of successively scanned opacities.

4. In a television system, a cathode ray tube having means for producing a cathode ray beam to provide a luminous scanning raster, a subject to be analyzed by incidence of light from the luminous raster, a phototube positioned to receive light from said subject, a level control circuit associated with the output circuit of said phototube, and said level control circuit having means to apply a control signal to said cathode ray tube to vary the light output thereof.

5. In a television system, a cathode ray tube having means for producing a cathode ray beam to provide a luminous scanning raster, a control electrode in said cathode ray tube to vary the intensity of said beam, a subject to be analyzed by incidence of light from the luminous raster, a phototube positioned to receive light from said subject, a level control circuit comprising a diode and an amplifier tube having a control grid, coupling means from the output circuit of said phototube to the cathode of said diode, coupling Ymeans lfrom the cathode of said diode to the controlgrid of said amplifier tube, and means for applying -a control voltage variation from the output of said amplifier tube to the-control elec` trode of said cathode ray tube.

GEORGE C. SZIKLAI. MILTON ROSENBERG.

file of this patent:

Number 12 -UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date Konemann Feb. 6, 1934 Ives May 21, 1935 Harding June 9, 1936 Ives Nov. 23, 1937 Canady Deo. 14, 1937 Collins Feb. 24, 1942 Schade July 16, 1946 Essig Sept. 10, 1946 Sanders Nov. 25, 1947 

